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0 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 1 \\
0 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 1 \\
0 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 0
0 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 0
\end{pmatrix}
\end{pmatrix}</math>
<math>L_5 = \begin{pmatrix}
<math>L_5 = \begin{pmatrix}
0 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 \\
0 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 \\
0 & 0 & 1 & 0 & 0 \\
0 & 0 & 1 & 0 & 0 \\
0 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 0
0 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 0
\end{pmatrix}
\end{pmatrix}</math>
*All shift matrices are nilpotent; an n by n shift matrix S becomes the null matrix when raised to the power of its dimension n.
*All shift matrices are nilpotent; an n by n shift matrix S becomes the null matrix when raised to the power of its dimension n.