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Previous: 6.21.1 Example Up: 6. Generic Operating System Next: 6.22.1 Background, details, hints,

6.22 locale -- Internationalization services

The locale module opens access to the POSIX locale database and functionality. The POSIX locale mechanism allows programmers to deal with certain cultural issues in an application, without requiring the programmer to know all the specifics of each country where the software is executed.

The locale module is implemented on top of the _locale module, which in turn uses an ANSI C locale implementation if available.

The locale module defines the following exception and functions:

setlocale (category[, value])
If value is specified, modifies the locale setting for the category. The available categories are listed in the data description below. The value is the name of a locale. An empty string specifies the user's default settings. If the modification of the locale fails, the exception Error is raised. If successful, the new locale setting is returned. If no value is specified, the current setting for the category is returned.setlocale() is not thread safe on most systems. Applications typically start with a call of 
import locale
locale.setlocale(locale.LC_ALL,"")
This sets the locale for all categories to the user's default setting (typically specified in the $LANG environment variable). If the locale is not changed thereafter, using multithreading should not cause problems.
Error
Exception raised when setlocale() fails.
localeconv ()
Returns the database of of the local conventions as a dictionary. This dictionary has the following strings as keys:
  • decimal_point specifies the decimal point used in floating point number representations for the LC_NUMERIC category.
  • grouping is a sequence of numbers specifying at which relative positions the thousands_sep is expected. If the sequence is terminated with CHAR_MAX, no further grouping is performed. If the sequence terminates with a 0, the last group size is repeatedly used.
  • thousands_sep is the character used between groups.
  • int_curr_symbol specifies the international currency symbol from the LC_MONETARY category.
  • currency_symbol is the local currency symbol.
  • mon_decimal_point is the decimal point used in monetary values.
  • mon_thousands_sep is the separator for grouping of monetary values.
  • mon_grouping has the same format as the grouping key; it is used for monetary values.
  • positive_sign and negative_sign gives the sign used for positive and negative monetary quantities.
  • int_frac_digits and frac_digits specify the number of fractional digits used in the international and local formatting of monetary values.
  • p_cs_precedes and n_cs_precedes specifies whether the currency symbol precedes the value for positive or negative values.
  • p_sep_by_space and n_sep_by_space specifies whether there is a space between the positive or negative value and the currency symbol.
  • p_sign_posn and n_sign_posn indicate how the sign should be placed for positive and negative monetary values. The possible values for p_sign_posn and n_sign_posn are given below.{| style="border-collapse: collapse" border="border" align="center"

|- class="tableheader" ! align="center" | Value ! align="left" | Explanation | align="center" valign="baseline" | 0 | align="left" | Currency and value are surrounded by parentheses. |- | align="center" valign="baseline" | 1 | align="left" | The sign should precede the value and currency symbol. |- | align="center" valign="baseline" | 2 | align="left" | The sign should follow the value and currency symbol. |- | align="center" valign="baseline" | 3 | align="left" | The sign should immediately precede the value. |- | align="center" valign="baseline" | 4 | align="left" | The sign should immediately follow the value. |- | align="center" valign="baseline" | LC_MAX | align="left" | Nothing is specified in this locale. |}

strcoll (string1,string2)
Compares two strings according to the current LC_COLLATE setting. As any other compare function, returns a negative, or a positive value, or 0, depending on whether string1 collates before or after string2 or is equal to it.
strxfrm (string)
Transforms a string to one that can be used for the built-in function cmp(), and still returns locale-aware results. This function can be used when the same string is compared repeatedly, e.g. when collating a sequence of strings.
format (format, val, [grouping = 0])
Formats a number val according to the current LC_NUMERIC setting. The format follows the conventions of the % operator. For floating point values, the decimal point is modified if appropriate. If grouping is true, also takes the grouping into account.
str (float)
Formats a floating point number using the same format as the built-in function str(float), but takes the decimal point into account.
atof (string)
Converts a string to a floating point number, following the LC_NUMERIC settings.
atoi (string)
Converts a string to an integer, following the LC_NUMERIC conventions.
LC_CTYPE
Locale category for the character type functions. Depending on the settings of this category, the functions of module string dealing with case change their behaviour.
LC_COLLATE
Locale category for sorting strings. The functions strcoll() and strxfrm() of the locale module are affected.
LC_TIME
Locale category for the formatting of time. The function time.strftime() follows these conventions.
LC_MONETARY
Locale category for formatting of monetary values. The available options are available from the localeconv() function.
LC_MESSAGES
Locale category for message display. Python currently does not support application specific locale-aware messages. Messages displayed by the operating system, like those returned by os.strerror() might be affected by this category.
LC_NUMERIC
Locale category for formatting numbers. The functions format(), atoi(), atof() and str() of the locale module are affected by that category. All other numeric formatting operations are not affected.
LC_ALL
Combination of all locale settings. If this flag is used when the locale is changed, setting the locale for all categories is attempted. If that fails for any category, no category is changed at all. When the locale is retrieved using this flag, a string indicating the setting for all categories is returned. This string can be later used to restore the settings.
CHAR_MAX
This is a symbolic constant used for different values returned by localeconv().

Example: 

>>> import locale
>>> loc = locale.setlocale(locale.LC_ALL) # get current locale
>>> locale.setlocale(locale.LC_ALL, "de") # use German locale
>>> locale.strcoll("f\344n", "foo") # compare a string containing an umlaut
>>> locale.setlocale(locale.LC_ALL, "") # use user's preferred locale
>>> locale.setlocale(locale.LC_ALL, "C") # use default (C) locale
>>> locale.setlocale(locale.LC_ALL, loc) # restore saved locale

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